Basic Flowchart symbols

Start and End of program:

Computational or processing functions of a program:

Input or output or operation:

Decision Making and Branching:

Flow Line:

What is a Flowchart?

A flowchart is a formalized graphic representation of a logic sequence, work or manufacturing process, organization chart, or similar formalized structure.


Example:

Algorithms

An unambiguous set of steps, which when performed correctly by a processor, will result in a process being carried out in a finite time.

For example if you were to explain to someone how to make a cup of coffee you would be defining an algorithm;

1.   boil the water,

2.   place coffee in the cup,

3.   place sugar in the cup,

4.   add the boiling water,

5.   add milk,

6.   stir.

1.           Examine the algorithm above. What two properties of the algorithm enable it to correctly describe the solution to the problem of making a cup of coffee? What is it that makes an algorithm correct?(Hint: what would happen if you swapped step "6" and step "2"?)

An algorithm is correct if a sequence is followed in chronological order. \

Algorithm for posting letter:

1. Write Letter

2. Put letter in envelope

3. Seal envelope

4. Write desired recipient's address at the front of the envelope

5. Go to post box

6. Put Letter in the post box

Algorithm for making toast: 
1. Get bread
2. Put in toaster 
3. Wait 2-3 minutes while it toasts 
4. Take toast out 
5. Put on plate 
6. If desired apply any form spread on bread.


Algorithm for calling a friend on the phone.
1. Get phone.
2. Dial the correct number
3. Press green call button
4. Wait 30sec to 2 min for person to pick up 
5. If person does not pick up repeat steps 1-4 min. 

Using Frontpage

1. What two steps are recommended in planning your site?

Sketching out a structure before creating a site in FrontPage can save you lots of work later. And then sketch an example of a layout sketch.

    

A structure                                                               layout sketch 

2. What is a web server?

Protocols

Where They Were Used:

·         TCP/IP:  is used for transmission of data from an application to the network.

·         http:  communication between a web server and a web browser

·         simple mail transfer protocol 

(         (smtp): transmission of e-mails.

·         file transfer protocol 
          (FTP):  used for transmission of files between computers.

·         html: contains all the text to display, and also acts as the "glue" to hold the text and images      together in the right places, and display them in the right style.

·         xml: users to define their own customized markup languages

The IP and URL

The IP address and the URL are related as The browser communicated with a name server to translate the server name "www.insertnamehere.com" into an IP Address, which it uses to connect to the server machine. The browser then formed a connection to the server at that IP address on a specfic port.

The URL

Universal Resource Locator. It is broken up into three parts:

The protocol ("http")

The server name ("www.insertnamehere.com")

The file name ("web-server.htm")

HTML

HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used to create documents on the World Wide Web. HTML is similar to SGML, although it is not a strict subset. There are hundreds of other tags used to format and layout the information in a Web page. Tags are also used to specify hypertext links. These allow Web developers to direct users to other Web pages with only a click of the mouse on either an image or word(s). For a more complete list of tags, check out some of the URLs below.

Error Detection

In communications, error detection refers to a class of techniques for detecting garbled messages. Two of the simplest and most common techniques are called checksum and CRC. More sophisticated strategies include MNP and CCITT V.42 .

Error detection and correction add some redundency (i.e. some extra data) to a message, which receivers can use to check consistency of the delivered message, and to recover data determined to be erroneous.

A common method of error detection Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) is an error control method for data transmission that makes use of error-detection codes, acknowledgment and/or negative acknowledgment messages, and timeouts to achieve reliable data transmission. An acknowledgment is a message sent by the receiver to indicate that it has correctly received a data frame.
Usually, when the transmitter does not receive the acknowledgment before the timeout occurs (i.e., within a reasonable amount of time after sending the data frame), it retransmits the frame until it is either correctly received or the error persists beyond a predetermined number of retransmissions.

The URL

Abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator (URL) it is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.The first part of the URL is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use, and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are separated by a colon and two forward slashes.

Serial Data Transmission:
In telecommunications, serial transmission is the sequential transmission of signal elements of a group representing a character or other entity of data. Digital serial transmissions are bits sent over a single wire, frequency or optical path sequentially. Because it requires less signal processing and less chances for error than parallel transmission, the transfer rate of each individual path may be faster. This can be used over longer distances as a check digit or parity bit can be sent along it easily.

Parallel Data Tranmission:
In telecommunications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of the signal elements of a character or other entity of data. In digital communications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of related signal elements over two or more separate paths. Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates than can be achieved with serial transmission. This method is used internally within the computer, for example the internal buses, and sometimes externally for such things as printers, The major issue with this is "skewing" because the wires in parallel data transmission have slightly different properties (not intentionally) so some bits may arrive before others, which may corrupt the message. A parity bit can help to reduce this. However, electrical wire parallel data transmission is therefore less reliable for long distances because corrupt transmissions are far more likely.

GUI

What Does GUI stand for?
It stands for graphical user interface. It is A program interface that takes advantage of the computer's graphics capabilities to make the program easier to use.

What Was used before GUI?
The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not until the 1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical user interfaces became popular.developed at Xerox PARC in 1973. It was the first computer to use the desktop metaphor and mouse-driven graphical user interface (GUI).
It was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, other Xerox facilities, at least one government facility and at several universities for many years. The Alto greatly influenced the design of some personal computers in the following decades, notably the Apple Macintosh and the first Sun workstations.

Smart Phone Tour

Technology

·         Hardware: Mobile Phone, Computers, Camera, Colour Printer, router and internet connection, computer network, USB

·         Software: file transfer application, image software was used to resize and inserted arrows, cropping, Online application to generate QR codes, QR code reader, online collaboration tool,  voice recorder, Google sites for hosting the website

Constrains:

·         Time

·         Internet Speed: issues uploading/downloading  images, we needed to create a good user experience wait time should be a minimum of 10 seconds

·         We had .wmv files and .jpeg files, we used compressed file formats, the resolution had to be limited of images which was 400x450 pixels,.

·         Costs: there had to be no costs to the user, freely available hosting sites for the creator

Your Role(s):

·         To create the route from the Barbara McDonough to the performing arts areas

·         To create the route from the Barbara McDonough to the Library

·         Edit the images to add arrows to indicate directions.

·         Creating QR codes

Problems:

·         Internet Speed: taking images home on USB

·         Knowing Status of each website: using collaborative document to indicate the status through colour coding

·         Finding Photos: Fixed by organising the images into different files that indicated specific routes

Protocol examples

TCP/IP:
Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet, making it the
de facto standard for transmitting data over networks.

HTTP:
HyperText Transfer Protocol, the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the web serverdirecting it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page.

SMTP:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP. In addition, SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your e-mail application.

Pop:
Post Office Protocol, a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Most e-mail applications (sometimes called an e-mail client) use the POP protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).

FTP:
File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. FTP works in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.

Protocol

An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices. The protocol determines the following:

the type of error checking to be used

data compression method, if any

how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message

how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message

There are a variety of standard protocols from which programmers can choose. Each has particular advantages and disadvantages; for example, some are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and some are faster.
From a user's point of view, the only interesting aspect about protocols is that your computer or device must support the right ones if you want to communicate with other computers. The protocol can be implemented either in hardware or in software.

Adding buttons to a form

Theese buttons added when cilcked they take you to the query where the buttons are if the DOB button clicked it take you to the query.

Forms

Today I created a form and also added a picture this was done through the help of the form wizard which guides you through the process to create a form.

Data types

Query #3

This query has selected all the products with a unit price less than $20 with units in stock. This was done through dragging dragging "Product name", "Unit price", and "Units in Stock" in the field row and ">20" in the criteria row in the unit price column

Query #2

This query has selected has selected all the products with a recorder level of "10" with a unit price. This was done through dragging the titles "Product name", "Unit Price", and "Recorder Level" in the field row and the numeric value "10" in the criteria row of the recorder level column.

Query #1:

This query has selected all the names of Products that cost $10. This was done through entering the numeric value "10" into the criteria row in the unit price coumn.

Another Value:

This query has selected all the names of Products that cost $15. This was done through entering the numeric value "15" into the criteria row in the unit price coumn.

Creating a basic database

This is the basic database I created usigng Microsoft Access 2007

Querying the database:

This is a result of a query which searched the Date of Birth of all people in the database

Types of Databases

- Telephone address book
- I-tunes
- School
- Search engines e.g. google, bing etc.
- Social Networking Sites
- Library database
- School Database

Music Database Example

In this Example Shown above the table itself is a record, the artist name, album, song title, genre are all fields. 

Data Type

In programming, classification of a particular type of information. It is easy for humans to distinguish between different types of data.  We do this through special symbols -- %, :, and $ -- that indicate the data's type. Similarly, a computer uses special internal codes to keep track of the different types of data it processes.
Examples:
- Alpha-numeric text
- numeric

Data Dictionary

In database management systems, a file that defines the basic organisation of a database. A data dictionary contains a list of all files in the database, the number of records in each file, and the names and types of each field. Data dictionaries do not contain any actual data from the database, only bookkeeping information for managing it.

DBMS

Database management systems is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database applications.

Report

A formatted and organized presentation of data. Most database management systems include a report writer that enables you to design and generate reports.

Database

A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. A database is an electronic filing system.

Query

to  request for information from a database. There are three general methods for posing queries: - Choosing parameters from a menu: In this method, the database system presents a list of parameters from which you can choose. This is perhaps the easiest way to pose a query because the menus guide you, but it is also the least flexible.
- Query by example (QBE): In this method, the system presents a blank record and lets you specify the fields and values that define the query.
- Query language: Many database systems require you to make requests for information in the form of a stylized query that must be written in a special query language. This is the most complex method because it forces you to learn a specialized language, but it is also the most powerful.

File

Fields of information that is put together. For example in a database of a school every sudent would have a file consisting fields of information like their phone number etc.

Records

In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field.

Fields

A space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells.
Fields make up records. Records make up fields.

Disadvantages of Databases

- Invasion of Privacy
- Usually relies upon Internet access
- Remote Acess
- disadvantaged
- elderly

Advantages of Databases

- Faster
- Reliable: Easily to update
- Easier to search: more elaborate, any category, multiple categories,  
- Saves Space
- Convenient
- Better Access, Distrubition
- Can be duplicated
-

Yellow Pages Activity

1. 122 Katoomba St, Katoomba NSW 2780
2. 91a Fowler Rd, Merrylands NSW 2160

3. Hotel Laguna

6 Hastings St, Noosa Heads QLD 4567

ph: (07) 5447 3077 

 Noosa Heads Motel

71 Noosa Drv, Noosa Heads QLD 4567

ph: (07) 5440 4550

 

Yellow Pages/White Pages

WolframAlpha database

Wolfram Alpha is an answer-engine in which you type a question it answers any question directly rather than it providing a list of documents and web pages that answer the question like a search engine for example google

Examples of Databases

Eamples of common databases:
- phone address books
- search engine: google
- facebook
- library
- twitter

What is a Database

 A collection of information organised in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. It is like an electronic filing system.
Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. 


Example: